Microorganisms and Biochar Improve the Remediation Efficiency of Paspalum vaginatum and Pennisetum alopecuroides on Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

Phytoremediation can help remediate potential toxic elements (PTE) in soil. Microorganisms and soil amendments are effective means to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation. This study selected three microorganisms that may promote phytoremediation, including bacteria (<i>Ceratobasidium</i>), fungi (<i>Pseudomonas mendocina</i>), and arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, <i>Funneliformis caledonium</i>). The effects of single or mixed inoculation of three microorganisms on the phytoremediation efficiency of <i>Paspalum vaginatum</i> and <i>Pennisetum alopecuroides</i> were tested under three different degrees of cadmium-contaminated soil (low 10 mg/kg, medium 50 mg/kg, and high 100 mg/kg). The results showed that single inoculation of AMF or <i>Pseudomonas mendocina</i> could significantly increase the biomass of two plants under three different degrees of cadmium-contaminated soil, and the growth-promoting effect of AMF was better than <i>Pseudomonas mendocina</i>. However, simultaneous inoculation of these two microorganisms did not show a better effect than the inoculation of one. Inoculation of <i>Ceratobasidium</i> reduced the biomass of the two plants under high concentrations of cadmium-contaminated soil. Among all treatments, the remediation ability of the two plants was the strongest when inoculated with AMF alone. On this basis, this study explored the effect of AMF combined with corn-straw-biochar on the phytoremediation efficiency of <i>Paspalum vaginatum</i> and <i>Pennisetum alopecuroides</i>. The results showed that biochar could affect plant biomass and Cd concentration in plants by reducing Cd concentration in soil. The combined use of biochar and AMF increased the biomass of <i>Paspalum vaginatum</i> by 8.9-48.6% and the biomass of <i>Pennisetum alopecuroides</i> by 8.04-32.92%. Compared with the single use of AMF or biochar, the combination of the two is better, which greatly improves the efficiency of phytoremediation.