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Spatio-temporal patterns of microplastic contamination in surface waters of Hooghly River Estuary: Causes and consequences
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Assessment of spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risks of microplastics in the estuarine and coastal regions of the northern Bay of Bengal
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Surveys of the northeastern Bay of Bengal found surface water MP concentrations up to 1,640 items/m³ in the Karnaphuli estuary, dominated by fiber-shaped polypropylene particles, with pollution risk indices ranging from medium to very high across estuarine and coastal zones. The high MP burden in this densely populated coastal region poses serious risks to marine biodiversity, local fisheries, and the millions of people who depend on Bay of Bengal seafood as a dietary staple.
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Potentially toxic element and microplastic contamination in the river Hooghly: Implications to better water quality management
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The Hooghly River in India was found to contain both microplastics — peaking at 1,000 particles/m³ near urban sewage outlets — and dissolved potentially toxic elements including cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel distributed across different salinity zones. The co-occurrence of microplastics and heavy metals highlights the compounded contamination burden in rivers flowing through industrial and urban areas, reinforcing the need for integrated national water quality policy.
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Researchers investigated microplastic distribution in semi-urban estuary waters along India's west coast, finding that human activities such as port operations, tourism, fishing, and industrial discharges are major contributors to microplastic contamination in these ecologically vital coastal ecosystems.
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