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A Snapshot into the Invasion of Plastics in Human Urine
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Researchers analyzed human urine samples and detected synthetic microplastic fragments and fibers in all of them, using multiple spectroscopy techniques for confirmation. The particles included various polymer types in sizes ranging from nanometers to hundreds of micrometers. The findings provide evidence that microplastics are not only entering the human body but are passing through the urinary system, indicating widespread internal exposure.
Micro- and nanoplastic particles and fibers are ubiquitous in the environment and have been detected in various human organs and systems, including the kidney, blood, lower respiratory tract, and stool. This study aimed to identify and quantify synthetic microplastics in human urine using optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy. The analysis of nine urine samples revealed the presence of 43% synthetic plastic fragments and 57% microfibers, with mean concentrations of 1.59±1.80 and 2.04±3.38 particles per 100 ml, respectively (P=0.045, F=4.5). The sizes of the fragments ranged from 0.01 nm to 0.34 nm, while the lengths of the fibers ranged from 10 to 871 µm, with various shapes and colors identified. FTIR analysis showed 100% polypropylene, while micro-Raman analysis detected 33.3% polypropylene and 33.3% polyamide. The detection of microplastics in urine is a growing concern that requires further research to understand their potential health effects, sources, and pathways in the environment. The findings of this study provide valuable information for developing strategies to reduce exposure and mitigate the risks posed by microplastics to human health and the environment.
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First Evidence of Microplastics in Human Urine, a Preliminary Study of Intake in the Human Body
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In a first-of-its-kind study, researchers detected microplastic fragments in human urine samples from six volunteers in southern Italy using Raman spectroscopy. Four pigmented microplastic particles between 4 and 15 micrometers were identified, suggesting that microplastics can pass through the body and be excreted by the kidneys. This preliminary finding provides direct evidence that microplastics are not only ingested but can travel through the human body and reach the urinary system.
Quantitative Detection of Micro- and Nanoplastics (≥300 nm) in Human Urine Using Double-Shot Py-GC/MS with Internal Standard Calibration
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Researchers analyzed urine samples from 18 volunteers and detected micro- and nanoplastics in every single sample, with concentrations averaging about 0.27 micrograms per milliliter. Low-density polyethylene was the most abundant polymer found, making up roughly 68% of the total, and the type of drinking water people consumed appeared to influence their exposure levels. The study provides new quantitative evidence that microplastics are present inside the human body and can be measured through non-invasive urine testing.
Microplastics in human urine: Characterisation using μFTIR and sampling challenges using healthy donors and endometriosis participants
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Researchers analyzed urine samples from healthy individuals and endometriosis patients, detecting microplastics in the majority of both groups, with 22 different polymer types found. While microplastic levels were not significantly different between the two groups, the finding that plastics like polyethylene, polystyrene, and PTFE are being excreted in human urine confirms that these particles are circulating through the body.
Review of microplastics fate in humans with a focus on the urinary system
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This review synthesized current knowledge on microplastic fate in the human body, with a particular focus on the urinary system as an excretion pathway. Evidence suggests microplastics can reach the kidneys and urinary tract, raising questions about chronic exposure effects on urinary function.
Review of microplastics fate in humans with a focus on the urinary system
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This review examined the evidence for microplastic accumulation and effects in the human urinary system, compiling studies on renal and bladder tissue detection. The authors identified the urinary tract as a poorly studied route for microplastic excretion and a potential site of chronic low-level injury.
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