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Predicting compressive strength of eco-friendly plastic sand paver blocks using gene expression and artificial intelligence programming
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Researchers developed gene expression programming and multi-expression programming models to predict the compressive strength of eco-friendly plastic sand paver blocks, providing the first empirical equations for this sustainable construction material.
Plastic sand paver blocks provide a sustainable alternative by using plastic waste and reducing the need for cement. This innovative approach leads to a more sustainable construction sector by promoting environmental preservation. No model or Equation has been devised that can predict the compressive strength of these blocks. This study utilized gene expression programming (GEP) and multi-expression programming (MEP) to develop empirical models to forecast the compressive strength of plastic sand paver blocks (PSPB) comprised of plastic, sand, and fibre in an effort to advance the field. The database contains 135 results for compressive strength with seven input parameters. The R2 values of 0.87 for GEP and 0.91 for MEP for compressive strength reveal a relatively significant relationship between predicted and actual values. MEP outperformed GEP by displaying a higher R2 and lower values for statistical evaluations. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted, which revealed that the sand grain size and percentage of fibres play an essential part in compressive strength. It was estimated that they contributed almost 50% of the total. The outcomes of this research have the potential to promote the reuse of PSPB in the building of green environments, hence boosting environmental protection and economic advantage.
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A machine learning-based genetic programming approach for the sustainable production of plastic sand paver blocks
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Researchers applied gene expression programming (GEP) to develop predictive models for the compressive strength of plastic sand paver blocks made from recycled plastic waste, finding that sand size and fiber percentage account for over 50% of strength variation, with models achieving R² values above 0.88.
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Researchers developed eco-friendly paving blocks using post-consumer PET, HDPE, and LDPE plastic waste combined with local sand in coastal Indonesia, finding that a 1:1 plastic-to-sand ratio achieved the highest compressive strength of 9.84 MPa, meeting Class D criteria suitable for garden paths and light pedestrian use.
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Researchers tested four plastic-to-sand ratios for producing paving blocks from blended PET, PP, and LDPE waste, finding that a 75% plastic mix delivered the highest compressive strength at 11.64 MPa while pure plastic blocks offered the best water resistance and abrasion performance.
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Researchers optimized recycled PET–sand composites using a Taguchi multi-parameter design, finding that smaller sand particles and higher PET binder content together achieved compressive strengths of nearly 40 MPa and water absorption below 0.5% — mechanical performance comparable to conventional masonry — while diverting plastic waste from landfills and aquatic environments.
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Researchers investigated the use of waste polyethylene mixed with sand to produce plastic-bonded interlocking blocks for wall construction in developing countries, reporting on production methods, mechanical properties including compressive strengths of approximately 15 MPa, and failure mechanisms of three block wall system designs. The plastic-bonded blocks outperformed conventional sandcrete blocks, demonstrating a viable pathway for recycling waste plastics into construction materials.
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