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Toxic effects of tire wear particles and the leachate on the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)
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Researchers exposed Chinese mitten crabs to tire wear particles (TWPs) and their leachate, finding that while TWPs accumulated in liver, gill, and gut tissues, toxicity was sublethal — disrupting antioxidant defenses and energy metabolism at higher doses — and that TWPs and their leachate act through partially distinct molecular mechanisms.
Tire wear particles (TWPs) were considered as an important component of microplastic pollution in the aquatic environment. To understand the ecotoxicity of TWPs to crustacean, this study investigated toxic effects of TWPs and the leachate on the mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis and the accumulation of TWPs in the crabs. Although TWPs could be accumulated in various tissues (i.e., liver, gills and gut) of the crabs, exposure to TWPs or the leachate had no lethal effect on the crabs in this study. Lower concentrations of TWPs and the leachate exposure could stimulate the antioxidant defense system of the crabs, while higher concentrations could disrupt the stress defense system. In addition, the energy supply and metabolism of the crabs could also be affected by TWPs or the leachate. The transcriptomic profiles showed that the toxic mechanisms of TWPs and the leachate were not exactly the same. Similar to the results of biochemical analysis, several Gene Ontology (GO) terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to oxidative stress and energy metabolism were significantly regulated by both TWPs and the leachate. However, TWPs could affect the expression of genes enriched in immune-related pathways, while the leachate regulated the enrichment of some other signaling pathways including FoxO signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Overall, our study could provide basic biological information for assessing the ecological risk of the TWP pollution in the aquatic environment and was useful to understand the potential toxic mechanisms of the TWPs and the leachate to crustaceans.
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Researchers found that tire wear particles (TWPs) inhibit burrowing activity in Chinese mitten crabs and that crab bioturbation redistributes TWPs into burrow walls, concentrating heavy metal additives like zinc there while also suppressing sediment microbial diversity and nutrient cycling functions.
Toxicity of tire wear particles and the leachates to microorganisms in marine sediments
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Researchers investigated the toxicity of tire wear particles and their chemical leachates on bacteria in marine sediments. The study found that aged tire wear particles were more toxic than pristine ones, and that leachates were even more harmful than the particles themselves, with zinc identified as the primary toxicity-causing substance.
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Researchers exposed the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis to tire-wear particle leachate and observed acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and widespread changes in gene expression related to cellular processes and metabolism. The study suggests that tire-wear particles may pose a greater threat to marine organisms than other microplastics because they release a complex cocktail of nano-sized particles and chemical additives with synergistic toxic effects.
Acute toxicity of tire wear particles, leachates and toxicity identification evaluation of leachates to the marine copepod, Tigriopus japonicus
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Researchers tested the toxicity of tire wear particles and their chemical leachates on a marine copepod species and found that both caused significant harm at measurable concentrations. They used toxicity identification methods to determine that metals, specifically zinc, were the primary toxic component in the leachate. The findings highlight that tire wear particles are a concerning source of microplastic and chemical pollution in coastal marine environments.
Lethal effect of leachates from tyre wear particles on marine copepods
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Researchers tested the toxicity of chemical leachates from tire wear particles on five species of marine copepods, tiny crustaceans that are essential to ocean food webs. They found that all species experienced lethal effects, with some being far more sensitive than others, and identified zinc as a key toxic component. The study suggests that the chemicals leaching from tire wear particles in marine environments pose a serious threat to small but ecologically critical organisms.
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