Advancements in microplastics detection techniques and their multidimensional impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health

Microplastic pollution is an escalating global issue, with significant ecological, environmental, and health consequences. These particles, typically less than 5 mm in size, originate from the degradation of larger plastics or are manufactured for industrial purposes, and have been detected in diverse aquatic environments. This review presents an in-depth examination of current and emerging detection techniques, including traditional spectroscopic methods, AI-powered imaging, and biosensor-based approaches. Special emphasis is placed on biosensor technologies for their potential in real-time, high-sensitivity monitoring. The impacts of microplastics on water quality, ecosystems, human health, and their synergistic interactions with toxic metals are critically assessed, highlighting their role in bioaccumulation and trophic transfer. The context of microplastic contamination in Saudi Arabia is discussed, identifying regional sources and prevalence patterns. The review aims to bridge knowledge gaps, promote standardized detection methodologies, and guide future research towards sustainable water management and public health protection.