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An updated overview of some factors that influence the biological effects of nanoparticles
Summary
This review provides an updated look at how the size, shape, chemical composition, and surface properties of nanoparticles influence their biological effects when they enter the body. Researchers summarize how these physical characteristics determine how nanoparticles interact with proteins, cell receptors, and other biological molecules. The study highlights the importance of understanding these factors for both the safe design of medical nanoparticles and for assessing environmental nanoparticle risks.
Nanoparticles (NPs) can be extremely effective in the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer due to their properties. The nanotechnology industry is developing rapidly. The number of multifunctional NPs has increased in the market and hundreds of NPs are in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. Thus, the mechanism underlying the effects of NPs on biological systems has received much attention. After NPs enter the body, they interact with plasma proteins, tumour cell receptors, and small biological molecules. This interaction is closely related to the size, shape, chemical composition and surface modification properties of NPs. In this review, the effects of the size, shape, chemical composition and surface modification of NPs on the biological effects of NPs were summarised, including the mechanism through which NPs enter cells, the resulting oxidative stress response, and the interaction with proteins. This review of the biological effects of NPs can not only provide theoretical support for the preparation of safer and more efficient NPs but also lay the foundation for their clinical application.