Spatial Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Mangrove Ecosystem in Ras Mohammed Protectorate, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

Water systems worldwide serve as significant repositories for various contaminants, particularly heavy metals. Anthropogenic activities release heavy metals like lead and cadmium into water bodies, leading to bioaccumulation and biomagnification in aquatic organisms. The consumption of contaminated fish and shellfish poses health risks to humans, while heavy metal pollution disrupts aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Effective measures and regulations are crucial to mitigate heavy metal pollution, safeguard the environment, and protect human health. This study focused on the spatial distribution of heavy metals within the sedimentary deposits of the Mangrove ecosystem in Ras Mohammed, Gulf of Aqaba. The copper, iron, cadmium, lead, zinc, and manganese concentrations were analyzed, revealing varying levels across different sampling locations. While most heavy metal concentrations were within acceptable thresholds, cadmium concentrations slightly exceeded the threshold level, potentially affecting environmental quality due to increased recreational activities. The geo-accumulation index indicated unpolluted to moderately polluted conditions. The metal pollution index showed elevated contamination in specific areas. The ecological risk assessment suggested low toxicity risks to aquatic life in the study region. Overall, this investigation provides insights into the heavy metal distribution and its potential implications in Ras Mohammed's protectorate.