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Recent advances in fungal xenobiotic metabolism: enzymes and applications
Summary
Researchers reviewed how fungi use powerful enzymes — including laccases, peroxidases, and cytochrome P450s — to break down a wide range of environmental pollutants such as dyes, pesticides, and toxic PFAS "forever chemicals." These natural fungal capabilities are being harnessed for bioremediation to clean up contaminated environments and for producing valuable industrial compounds.
Fungi have been extensively studied for their capacity to biotransform a wide range of natural and xenobiotic compounds. This versatility is a reflection of the broad substrate specificity of fungal enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and cytochromes P450, which are involved in these reactions. This review gives an account of recent advances in the understanding of fungal metabolism of drugs and pollutants such as dyes, agrochemicals and per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), and describes the key enzymes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation. The potential of fungi and their enzymes in the bioremediation of polluted environments and in the biocatalytic production of important compounds is also discussed.