What every dentist needs to know about microplastics and dental materials.

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles ranging from 1 μm to 5 mm, have become a growing concern with potentially significant implications for human health. Originating from diverse sources, including consumer products, industrial activities, and biomedical supplies, MPs have been detected in water, food, air, and even human tissues. This review focuses on the potential health risks and sources of MPs, particularly those arising from dental products. Dental products such as toothpastes, toothbrushes, dental floss, resin-based composites, denture base materials, and thermoplastic orthodontic appliances contain or generate MPs through degradation and routine use. Human exposure to MPs occurs via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, with evidence suggesting systemic distribution that affects multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, nervous, and endocrine systems. MPs can cross critical biological barriers, leading to neurotoxicity, hormonal disruption, and potential carcinogenesis. The cumulative plastic waste from dental care contributes to environmental pollution. Emerging solutions such as biodegradable materials and improved waste management strategies show promise but require further investigation. This review underscores the need for continued research on MP exposure to mitigate health risks and environmental impact.