Exposure of true to life microplastics to Donax faba under two different pH conditions: A microcosm approach

Toxicity of Microplastics on the Flora and Fauna of the Freshwater Ecosystem: An Overview

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Researchers reviewed the toxicity of microplastics ranging from 1 micrometer to 5 mm on flora and fauna in freshwater ecosystems, summarizing evidence of physical harm, chemical stress, and bioaccumulation across aquatic organisms from algae and invertebrates to fish.

Microplastic Uptake and Effects on Experimental Ecosystems

Ecotoxicological Consequences of Microplastics in Aquatic Life

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Researchers reviewed how microplastics — tiny plastic particles under 5mm — harm aquatic ecosystems, documenting that fish, invertebrates, and other marine life can ingest them, leading to physical damage, toxic chemical exposure, and disruptions to feeding and reproduction.

Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Organisms: An Ecotoxicological Perspective

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"This ecotoxicological review examined how microplastics accumulate in aquatic organisms across multiple trophic levels, documenting impacts on physiology, reproduction, and behavior, as well as the transport of associated chemical contaminants through food webs. Because humans sit at the top of aquatic food chains, the bioaccumulation dynamics described here translate directly into dietary microplastic exposure, making ecotoxicological endpoints in fish and shellfish key indicators of human health risk."

Microplastic Toxicity in Aquatic Organisms and Aquatic Ecosystems: a Review

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Researchers reviewed how microplastics move through aquatic food webs, finding evidence that these particles accumulate across trophic levels, but noted that most toxicity studies are conducted in labs rather than real ecosystems, leaving major gaps in understanding the true ecological and human health risks.