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Can microplastics and disinfectant resistance genes pose conceivable threats to water disinfection process?
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This review examines how microplastics in water supplies interact with disinfection resistance genes (DRGs) in bacteria, creating a compounding threat to water safety. Microplastics provide surfaces where resistant bacteria can form biofilms and exchange resistance genes, and they can locally reduce the effective concentration of disinfectants — making standard water treatment less effective. The concern is that as both microplastic pollution and disinfectant use grow, we may be inadvertently breeding harder-to-kill pathogens in our drinking water systems.
Microplastic pollution in the environment has aroused widespread concerns, however, the potential environmental risks caused by excessive use of disinfectants are still unknown. Disinfectants with doses below the threshold can enhance the communication of resistance genes in pathogenic microorganisms, promoting the development and spread of antimicrobial activity. Problematically, the intensification of microplastic pollution and the increase of disinfectant consumption will become a key driving force for the growth of disinfectant resistance bacteria (DRB) and disinfectant resistance genes (DRGs) in the environment. Disinfection plays a crucial role in ensuring water safety, however, the presence of microplastics and DRGs seriously disturb the water disinfection process. Microplastics can reduce the concentration of disinfectant in the local environment around microorganisms and improve their tolerance. Microorganisms can improve their resistance to disinfectants or generate resistance genes via phenotypic adaptation, gene mutations, and horizontal gene transfer. However, very limited information is available on the impact of DRB and DRGs on disinfection process. In this paper, the contribution of microplastics to the migration and transmission of DRGs was analyzed. The challenges posed by the presence of microplastics and DRGs on conventional disinfection were thoroughly discussed. The knowledge gaps faced by relevant current research and further research priorities have been proposed in order to provide a scientific basis in the future.
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