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Adsorption of the antiozonant by-product of from automobile tires on microplastics in water
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This Croatian study examined how 6PPD-quinone, a toxic chemical produced when tire antiozonants react with ozone, adsorbs onto polypropylene microplastics in water. The experiments showed that microplastics can accumulate this tire-derived chemical and then release it, potentially increasing its spread and biological exposure in aquatic environments.
Antiozonanti dodaju se automobilskim gumama tijekom vulkanizacije, radi sprječavanja i usporavanja degradacije gume uzrokovane ozonom, čime se pruža zaštita i sigurnost vozača i putnika tijekom vožnje automobilom. 6PPD standardni je antiozonant u automobilskim gumama, ali kada reagira s ozonom nastaje njegov transformacijski produkt N-(1,3-dimetilbutil)-N'-fenil-p-fenilendiamin-kinon (6PPD-Q). 6PPD kinon ispire se s automobilskih guma i cesta tijekom svakog hidrološkog ciklusa, što dovodi do njegove migracije u prirodne vode. Kada se nalazi u vodenome okolišu pokazuje toksičan utjecaj na razne ribice, račiće i mikroalge, ali uzrokuje i ugibanje određenih vrsta lososa. Mikroplastika pronalazi se u svakodnevno korištenim proizvodima, a zbog neadekvatnog zbrinjavanja njezinog otpada nakon uporabe, migrira u okoliš gdje također onečišćuje prirodne vode. Određeni vodeni organizmi, poput ribica i račića, neselektivno konzumiraju mikroplastiku što uzrokuje kratkotrajne i dugotrajne posljedice na njihov organizam. Budući da mikroplastika ima visoki stupanj adsorpcije, na površinu njezinih čestica mogu se adsorbirati organske onečišćujuće tvari iz okoliša. Adsorpcija je nagomilavanje (akumuliranje) čestica iz susjedne (plinovite ili kapljevite) faze na površinu krute faze, čemu je uzrok djelovanje privlačnih sila između čestica na krutoj površini i čestica iz susjedne faze. Testirana je adsorpcija 6PPD kinona u vodenoj otopini na mikroplastiku PP 0 (nestareni polipropilen) i PP UV 56 (UV stareni polipropilen). Uzorci su snimani na tekućinskom kromatografu visoke djelotvornosti (engl. High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC) kojim je omogućeno određivanje koncentracije 6PPD kinona u vodenoj otopini prije i nakon adsorpcije. Također je testirana i toksičnost čistih otopina 6PPD kinona i mikroplastike te njihove mješavine 24 h nakon adsorpcije na slatkovodnim račićima Daphnia Magna. Rezultati su pokazali da adsorpcija 6PPD kinona na mikroplastiku u oba slučaja slijedi Langmuirov model, odvija se u monosloju te je raspodjela aktivnih mjesta na adsorbensu homogena. Starena mikroplastika (PP UV 56) ima veću adsorpcijsku ravnotežnu konstantu i samim time veći afinitet za adsorpciju 6PPD kinona, nego nestarena mikroplastika (PP 0). Također je ustanovljeno da je potrebna samo četvrtina uzorka čiste otopine 6PPD kinona da bi se postigla 50%-tna inhibicija račića Daphnia Magna. Iako je s usporedbom na navedenu otopinu potreban nešto veći udio uzorka vodene otopine 6PPD kinona s PP 0 i PP UV 56 24 h nakon adsorpcije, one i dalje pokazuju toksičan utjecaj na račiće.
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Researchers measured tire wear particles and their chemical additives in stormwater runoff during severe storms in an Australian urban area. During storms, concentrations of tire-related chemicals spiked more than 40 times, including the compound 6PPD-quinone, which is toxic to aquatic life even at low levels. This study is relevant to human health because tire wear is one of the largest sources of microplastics in cities, and the chemicals they release can contaminate waterways that supply drinking water.
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