How accurate is plastic end-of-life modeling in LCA? Investigating the main assumptions and deviations for the end-of-life management of plastic packaging

To integrate plastic packaging into circular economy models, end-of-life (EoL) management is attracting increasing attention. The integration of plastic products into a circular economy holds great promise to mitigate the polluting effects and climate impact of certain disposal options, such as emissions from incineration or leakage from landfill sites to the environment with consequent fragmentation to microplastics. To determine the environmental sustainability of the EoL options for plastic products, Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) are frequently used. This research identified the accuracy of the modeling of EoL scenarios for post-consumer (PC) plastic packaging in the reviewed 49 studies. The selected LCA studies were examined to identify gaps between the real world and modeled EoL scenarios, anticipating their potential influence on the direct and indirect environmental impacts reported in LCA which give guidance for policy-making. It was found that the EoL modeling in product-based LCA studies is mostly simplified in terms of the recycling process, transportation, waste packaging composition, and waste management practices, while important aspects like additives and microplastics were not taken into account. These findings show the foundation for future LCA studies to achieve a closer-to-practice EoL modeling for plastic products to leverage their integration into a circular economy.