Human exposure to micro- and nanoplastic: biological effects and health consequence

Microplastics and nanoplastics are significant contributors to pollution as a consequence of increased plastic manufacturing and consumption, which has resulted in a worldwide environmental crisis. These small plastic particles (microplastics and nanoplastics with diameters less than 5 mm respectively 100 nm) originate from a wide range of sources, including packings, synthetic textiles, personal care products, and medical and laboratory consumables. The environmental effects and potential health hazards linked with microplastics and nanoplastics exposure are addressed in this review. Research has demonstrated a link between these plastic particles and human digestive, reproductive, respiratory, endocrine and cardiovascular pathologies. Microplastics and nanoplastics have the potential to be chronically detrimental given that they accumulate in human tissues and organs and are small enough to slip through cell membranes. In hopes of fully comprehending the mechanisms of toxicity and long-term consequences of exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics on human health, further research is urgently required. Policies that reduce the production and consumption of plastics and improve waste management practices are essential to combating plastic pollution.