Multi-spectral Fluorescent Reporter Influenza A Viruses Allow for <i>in vivo</i> Studies of Innate Immune Function in Zebrafish

ABSTRACT Influenza virus infection can cause severe respiratory disease and is estimated to cause millions of illnesses annually. Studies of the contribution of the innate immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) to viral pathogenesis may yield new antiviral strategies. Zebrafish larvae are useful models to study the innate immune response to pathogens, including IAV, in vivo . Here, we demonstrate how Color-flu, four fluorescent IAV strains originally developed for mice, can be used to study host-virus interactions by simultaneously monitoring virus particles, neutrophils, and macrophages in vivo . Using this model, we show how the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, and mitophagy inhibitor, MDIVI-1, improved survival, decreased viral burden, and improved the respiratory burst response to IAV infection. The Color-flu zebrafish model of IAV infection is complementary to other models as it is the only model where interactions between virus particles and host cells in an intact vertebrate can be visualized in vivo .