A holistic approach to assess the toxic behaviour of emerging nanomaterials in aquatic system

With the advancement of technology, the use of new and improved materials starting from macro- to micro- and nano-range in varied fields has increased exponentially. Although the scientific community has been interested in nanomaterials due to their unique properties, the use of these innovative materials has given rise to concern regarding their potential toxicity to living beings as well as the environment. This chapter elaborates on how emerging nanomaterials behave in relation to dynamic microenvironments at the nano–bio–eco interface level and how this affects their toxicity, fate, and exposure potential. In addition, a brief account of the exposure pathways and different models used for toxicity evaluation is also discussed, vis-à-vis the ongoing research work on toxicity, the role of contributing factors, and the probable alternatives developed to attenuate related hazards, challenges, and future outlook.