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The remediation potential and kinetics of Pb2+ by the organic frameworks of Cladophora rupestris
Summary
This study produced an organic framework from the freshwater alga Cladophora rupestris for adsorbing lead (Pb2+) from water, characterizing its sorption capacity and kinetics. Algae-based biosorption materials offer low-cost, sustainable approaches to removing heavy metals from contaminated water, with relevance to treating co-polluted environments where plastics and metals occur together.
Abstract Cladophora rupestris is ubiquitous in many kinds of waterbodies, and C. rupestris biomass can serve as a carrier for adsorbing and transferring heavy metals. In this paper, the organic frameworks of C. rupestris (CROF) was produced by treating C. rupestris biomass with CH 3 COOH. Batch experiments and characterization were performed. Results showed CROF had a specific surface area of 2.58 m 2 /g and an external surface area of 2.06 m 2 /g. Many mesopores were present in CROF, mainly distributed in 2.5–7.5 nm. The zeta potentials were within the range of − 4.46–−13.98 mV in the tested pH of 2.0–9.0. The maximum adsorption capacity (\({q}_{max}\)) of Pb 2+ on CROF was 15.02 mg/g, and 97% of Pb 2+ was adsorbed onto CROF after 25 min. Unexpectedly, CROF could effectively adsorb Pb 2+ in large pH range. The protein secondary structures and carbon skeletons of CROF all worked in adsorption. The main Pb 2+ adsorption mechanisms were pore filling, electrostatic attraction, Pb–π interaction, and surface complexation. Therefore, it is valuable as a biosorbent for the removal of Pb 2+ from waterbodies.
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