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Technological Innovations in the Application of Constructed Wetlands: A Review
Summary
This review covers technological advances in constructed wetlands (CWs) for wastewater treatment, including sustainable materials, ornamental plants, and AI-based modeling tools like neural networks and MODFLOW. While CWs have been investigated as a pathway to remove microplastics from wastewater, this paper focuses on general pollutant removal efficiency and does not directly address microplastic outcomes — it is only tangentially relevant to microplastic research.
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are highly effective in wastewater treatment and have generated lines of research with a focus on technological development and implemented innovations. This work concentrates on the most recent technical and scientific advances that have obtained optimal results in the construction of CWs using sustainable materials and the use of ornamental plants and other aquatic plants. Efficiency is also documented through models and simulation with neural networks, the use of the random forest method, and the use of software such as MODFLOW, MODPATH, and COMSOL Multiphysics. The information shown is structured by geographical area and addresses regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania. It is important to consider that the optimization and innovation of CW for pollutant removal may benefit developing countries that do not have sufficient infrastructure to meet the demand for municipal and industrial wastewater.
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