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Introduction to Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

2026
Musa Ojeba Innocent, Abdulhakeem Idris Abdulhakeem, Mustapha Abdulsalam, Miracle Uwa Livinus, Asmau M. Maude, Muhammed Abdulazeez, Muhammed Abdulazeez, Udeme Josiah Joshua Ijah, Abioye Olabisi Peter, Husna Farouq Ibrahim, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji

Summary

This review paper summarizes research on environmental toxicology and chemistry—two scientific fields that study how pollution affects human health and the environment. Scientists in these areas track harmful chemicals (including newer threats like microplastics) as they move through air, water, and soil, and figure out how they damage our bodies and ecosystems. This research helps create safety rules and find ways to protect people from pollution-related health problems.

Environmental toxicology and chemistry are two interdisciplinary fields which involve biology, chemistry, ecology and toxicology in order to understand chemicals’ fate in the environment as well as their movement and effects. These areas help in assessing threats to animals, human health and ecosystems from pollution.Environmental toxicology is concerned with studying how chemicals damage living things; this includes mechanisms of toxicity, dose–response relationships and susceptibility factors among others. It investigates contaminant entry into organisms and their accumulation within tissues thereby disrupting normal functions at individual levels and leading to ill-health effects both on populations and communities as well as ecological disturbances.Environmental chemistry refers to the branch of science dealing with chemical processes occurring in various parts of our planet including but not limited to origin identification reactions, transformation fate determination and so on associated with pollutants. Among its components are analytical methods used for quantifying contaminants as well understanding their behavior under different environmental conditions within natural systems such as soil, water, air and biota among others.The integration between these fields provides a holistic approach towards pollution assessment, control and management. Their job is to help set rules, find where pollution comes from, evaluate hazardousness of chemicals and suggest ways to prevent harm to people and the environment.Some recent achievements include creating intricate analysis techniques that can detect even very small impurities; employing computer models that forecast chemical reactions as well as toxicity levels thereof; taking drugs and microplastics together with nanomaterials among other newly discovered pollutants into consideration when conducting risk assessments.Environmental toxicology and chemistry are important in dealing with pollution and global warming as well as biological diversity loss. They also contribute significantly towards sustainable development aimed at ensuring a safe planet for posterity.

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