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Bioremediation of water polluted with microplastics by bacteria isolated from the environment
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This dissertation examined bacteria isolated from the plastisphere — the microplastic surface environment — for their ability to bioremediate microplastic pollution in water. The research combined ecotoxicity testing with bioremediation trials, finding that certain plastisphere bacteria show potential for breaking down microplastics in aquatic environments.
Mikroplastika (MP) je onečišćujuća tvar koja izaziva zabrinutost znanstvene zajednice zbog svoje sveprisutnosti u okolišu. Izvori MP-a su brojni, a izloženost vodenih organizama sve veća, što dovodi do potrebe procjene rizika. Kako MP ne bi negativno utjecala na vodene organizme, potrebno ju je ukloniti iz okoliša, a jedan od perspektivnih postupaka je bioremedijacija primjenom bakterija, kvasaca, plijesni ili mješovitog konzorcija. U ovoj disertaciji najprije su provedeni testovi ekotoksičnosti za pet vrsta MP-a: polietilen (PE), polipropilen (PP), polistirena (PS), poli(vinil-klorid) (PVC) i poli(etilen-tereftalat) (PET), na mikroalge rodova Chlorella i Scenedesmus, bakteriju Pseudomonas putida te kvasac Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PS i PVC MP pokazali su najveći toksični utjecaj na testne organizme, a najosjetljiviji je bio Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Provedena su i istraživanja bioremedijacije vode onečišćene MP-om primjenom bakterija Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas alcaligenes i Delftia acidovorans, izoliranih iz okoliša obogaćenog MP-om. Pri tome je preliminarno ispitan utjecaj sedam parametara: koncentracije (50 – 1000 mg/L) i veličine (100 – 700 μm) MP čestica, broja okretaja rotacijske tresilice (100 – 200 o/min), pH medija (6 – 8), temperature medija (15 – 25 °C), optičke gustoće (0,1 – 0,5) te dodatka glukoze (0 – 100 mg/L). Statističkom analizom za svaki polimer odabrana su tri najznačajnija čimbenika te je na njima provedena optimizacija biorazgradnje. Kod tretmana bakterijom Bacillus cereus utvrđeno je da su tri statistički najznačajnija parametra u biorazgradnji PS MP-a veličina i koncentracija MP-a te broj okretaja rotacijske tresilice (optimalno {413,29 μm; 66,20 mg/L; 100,45 o/min}). Kod tretmana PVC MP-a značajnim su se pokazali veličina i koncentracija MP-a te optička gustoća (optimalno {400,00 μm; 658,40 mg/L; 0,40}). Analiza biorazgradnje MP-a bakterijom Bacillus subtilis ukazala je na značajnost veličine MP-a, broja okretaja tresilice i optičke gustoće kod biorazgradnje PS MP-a (optimalno {440,65 μm; 162,12 o/min; 0,50}), dok su kod PVC MP-a to bili pH medija, broj okretaja tresilice i optička gustoća (optimalno {8,00; 200 o/min; 0,50}). Za biorazgradnju PS MP-a primjenom Pseudomonas alcaligenes značajnim su se pokazali broj okretaja tresilice, veličina MP čestica i optička gustoća (optimalno {161,08 o/min; 334,73 μm; 0,35}), a kod biorazgradnje PVC-a to su bili pH medija, koncentracija MP-a i optička gustoća (optimalno {8,00; 50,00 mg/L; 0,50}). Konačno, kod biorazgradnje bakterijom Delftia acidovorans dobiveni su isti značajni parametri za PS MP i PVC MP. To su pH medija, broj okretaja tresilice i optička gustoća (optimalni uvjeti {7,99; 104,93 o/min; 0,46}, odnosno {8,00; 200,00 o/min; 0,50}). Prema navedenom, primijenjene bakterijske kulture izolirane iz okoliša imaju sposobnost razgradnje MP-a.
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