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DNA Damage in Fish Due to Pesticide Pollution
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This review summarizes how pesticides, microplastics, and heavy metals in water cause DNA damage in fish, which researchers measure using a technique called the comet assay. Evidence indicates that these pollutants generate oxidative stress that breaks DNA strands in fish cells, serving as an early warning sign of environmental contamination. The study underscores the need for biomonitoring programs to track how toxic pollutants in aquatic environments affect organisms at the genetic level.
Toxic contaminants, including pesticides, microplastics, and heavy metals, have a significant impact on aquatic life and other aquatic species. These pollutants come from anthropogenic sources such as crop growing, industrial operations, effluent, residential wastewater, and leaching, as well as environmental events like storms, floods, and seismic processes. Pesticides, particularly pesticides, have been shown to have detrimental effects on aquatic ecology, causing decreased growth, restricted larvae and embryo development, and dysfunction in primary organs like the gill, liver, kidney, and gonad. Genotoxicity from pesticide exposure raises safety concerns, as prolonged exposure can lead to oxidative stress, mutagenicity, and cellular apoptosis. Pesticide exposure can lead to elevated levels, even without measurable concentrations in biological matrices. The toxicity of pesticides directly affects aquatic life, leading to high mortality rates or the complete elimination of species that serve as their food source.To maintain the well-being of aquatic organisms, particularly fish, and protect aquatic ecosystems, it is crucial to investigate safe, acceptable, and efficient alternatives to pesticides. In this study, we focuses on the hematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes induced by pesticide exposure and highlights strategies for mitigating the adverse impacts of pesticides on fish. Further investigation is needed to determine species suitability for toxicity detection, an essential aspect of monitoring aquatic environments for agricultural pesticides.
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Eco-toxicological effects of polyethylene microplastics on DNA damage in erythrocytes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
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Scientists exposed carp (a common fish) to microplastic pollution and found it caused increasing DNA damage in their blood cells the longer and more heavily they were exposed. While this study was done in fish, not humans, it adds to growing evidence that microplastics in our water can cause genetic damage in living creatures, raising questions about what similar exposure might mean for people, since we're also consuming microplastics through food, water, and the environment.
Effects of microplastics, pesticides and nano-materials on fish health, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanism
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This review examines how microplastics, pesticides, and nanoparticles harm fish by causing oxidative stress, DNA damage, immune system disruption, and changes in gut bacteria. Since contaminated fish is a major pathway for microplastics and pesticides to enter the human diet, declining fish health and quality directly affect food safety and human nutrition worldwide.
Revealing the hidden threats: Genotoxic effects of microplastics on freshwater fish
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Researchers exposed a common freshwater fish to microplastics and found evidence of DNA damage in blood cells, along with changes in liver function and oxidative stress markers. The study took a comprehensive approach, measuring effects from the molecular level up to whole-organism responses. These genotoxic effects (damage to genetic material) in fish raise questions about whether chronic microplastic exposure could pose similar risks to other organisms, including humans.
Acute exposure to high concentrations of polystyrene nanoparticles induces genotoxicity in Daphnia pulex
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Researchers exposed the freshwater organism Daphnia pulex to high concentrations of polystyrene nanoparticles and assessed genotoxic effects using the comet assay alongside immobilization and reproduction tests. They found that acute exposure induced significant DNA damage in the organisms. The study suggests that nanoplastics can cause genetic-level harm in freshwater species, an area that remains understudied.
Toxicity evaluation of the combination of emerging pollutants with polyethylene microplastics in zebrafish: Perspective study of genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and redox unbalance
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Researchers exposed adult zebrafish to polyethylene microplastics combined with a mixture of common water pollutants for 15 days and assessed DNA damage, mutation rates, and oxidative stress. They found that microplastics alone caused DNA damage and nuclear abnormalities as severe as those caused by the pollutant mixture, challenging the assumption that microplastics are less harmful than chemical contaminants. The study revealed that the fish's antioxidant defenses were overwhelmed across multiple organs, suggesting widespread oxidative damage from microplastic exposure.
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