Human Health Impacts of Perfluoroalkyl Substances, Micro- and Nanoplastics Contamination of Drinking Water

PFAS are organic compounds made up of carbon and fluorine atoms, often characterized by a carbon backbone with fluorine atoms attached. The key feature is the presence of perfluoroalkyl groups, where all hydrogen atoms on the carbon chain are replaced by fluorine atoms. PFAS are considered persistent and bioaccumulative, meaning they do not break down easily in the environment and can accumulate in organisms over time. Long-term exposure to PFAS has been associated with potential health risks, including liver damage, immune system effects, developmental issues, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) pose significant environmental and potential health risks. They can be ingested by humans on consumption of contaminated water potentially causing harm. MNPs have been found in drinking water sources, soil, and aquatic life including fish, shellfish, and plankton. These particles can accumulate in the tissues of plants and animals and can enter the human food chain. Due to these environmental and health concerns, efforts are being made to regulate and reduce the use of PFAS in various applications, reduce plastic pollution, improve waste management, and develop sustainable alternatives to mitigate the impacts of MNPs on the environment and human health.