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AI-driven portable smartphone-based sensor for microplastic detection: a comprehensive review

Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences 2025
Perumalla Akhil, B. Nagashubha, Mallam Sree Lakshmi, Vallabhi Sowmya, Gujjala Sonu, Shaik Yashmeen Banu, Chakali Veeresh, Charitha Bandlapalli, Maccha. Kiran Sai

Summary

Researchers reviewed AI-integrated smartphone sensors for microplastic detection and found that systems combining convolutional neural networks with optical sensing achieve 96–99% accuracy, offering a portable and affordable alternative to laboratory methods that could enable large-scale distributed environmental monitoring.

Microplastic pollution is a major environmental concern, with millions of metric tons entering the oceans yearly, threatening marine ecosystems and human health. This underscores the urgency for accessible, real-time microplastic detection technologies. This review examines the fusion of artificial intelligence (AI) with smartphone-based sensors, aiming to develop portable, cost-efficient microplastic detection systems, and ushering a transition from laboratory-centered to distributed environmental monitoring. The review covers traditional microplastic detection methods such as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and introduces emerging AI-driven techniques. It discusses advances in optical sensing (plasmonic nanowhiskers, fluorescence staining, colorimetric assays) and AI models, such as CNNs, YOLOv8, and U-Net. Smartphone hardware and computational advancements are also evaluated. AI-enhanced smartphone sensors show detection accuracies between 96% and 99.3%, outperforming conventional microscopy and approaching laboratory-level precision. These systems detect sub-micron microplastics efficiently, supported by economic analyses favoring wide deployment. AI-integrated smartphone sensors are transformative tools for environmental monitoring, offering portability, accuracy, and affordability. Continued innovation and regulatory support are essential for global adoption and effective microplastic pollution management.

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