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The Role of Surface Functionalization of Nanoplastics in Enhancing the Adsorption and Catalytic Reduction of Chromium (VI) by Supported Silver Nanoparticles: A Comparative Analysis
Summary
This review examined how surface functionalisation of nanoplastics influences their performance as supports for silver nanoparticles in the adsorption and catalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated water. Researchers compared functionalised nanoplastic-AgNP composites across different surface chemistries and found that surface charge and functional groups strongly govern both Cr(VI) capture and reduction efficiency.
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) remains one of the most persistent and toxic environmental contaminants, driving urgent research into sustainable remediation strategies. This review critically examines the role of surface-functionalized nanoplastics as supports for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in enhancing Cr(VI) adsorption and catalytic reduction. Synthesizing evidence from 24 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025, we evaluate how functional groups (–COOH, –NH₂, –OH, sulfonation) influence adsorption capacity, redox kinetics, recyclability, and stability. Functionalization was found to modulate surface charge, hydrophilicity, and electron transfer dynamics, with oxygen- and nitrogen-rich groups consistently delivering superior performance under acidic conditions. Comparative analyses reveal adsorption capacities up to 574 mg/g and rapid reduction efficiencies exceeding 95%, supported by pseudo-first- and second-order kinetic models. However, challenges remain in translating laboratory successes to real wastewater systems due to co-ion competition, natural organic matter fouling, and Ag⁺ leaching. Furthermore, lifecycle risks posed by nanoplastic degradation and secondary microplastic release demand safe-by-design strategies and rigorous environmental validation. By integrating mechanistic insights with sustainability and scalability considerations, this review highlights functionalized nanoplastic–AgNP composites as promising yet transitional materials. Future directions include hybrid catalysts, biopolymer-derived supports, and policy frameworks to bridge the gap between innovation and real-world deployment.