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Spatiotemporal variations of epimicroplastic harmful algae and their driving factors in four semi-enclosed bays of China
Summary
Researchers characterized harmful algae colonizing microplastic surfaces (epimicroplastic harmful algae) in four semi-enclosed Chinese bays across seasons and locations, analyzing drivers of their spatiotemporal variation. They found that microplastic type, surface area, and nutrient levels strongly influenced which harmful algal species colonized plastic debris and where blooms could be triggered.
Though unconfirmed, several studies consistently suggest that microplastics (MPs) may expand the spatial distribution of harmful algae and trigger harmful algal blooms (HABs). However, current understanding of the species composition and spatiotemporal variations of epimicroplastic harmful algae (EHA) remains insufficient, limiting in-depth exploration of MP-EHA interactions and their environmental implications. Therefore, we conducted field investigations and cultivation experiments across four Chinese bays. Results revealed 41 EHA species were identified, predominantly dinoflagellates and diatoms (e.g., Karlodinium veneficum, Prorocentrum obtusidens, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens). 33 %-60 % of EHA species overlapped with planktonic counterparts, implying partial EHA may derive from external sources. Field investigations showed dinoflagellates had significant positive correlations with nutrients, while cultivation experiments revealed temperature and nutrients as significant drivers of EHA communities-with some dinoflagellates correlating positively with temperature, indicating EHA may pose higher environmental risks in warm, nutrient-rich seasons. Notably, the EHA included toxic species rarely reported in China but frequently associated with global HABs (e.g., Amphidinium carterae, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Fibrocapsa japonica), highlighting the need for continuous monitoring of their dynamics in Chinese waters. This study improves understanding of EHA composition and dynamics, offers critical insights into forecasting HABs, and provides practical value for mitigating aquaculture and human health risks.