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Surface-Charge-Driven Ferroptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Involved in Toxicity Diversity in the Marine Bivalve Exposed to Nanoplastics
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Scientists exposed clams to both positively and negatively charged nanoplastics and found they cause completely different types of damage. Positively charged particles triggered mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis (a type of cell death involving iron), while negatively charged particles mainly affected the immune system. This matters because real-world nanoplastic pollution contains particles with various surface charges, meaning the health effects may be more complex and varied than single-type exposure studies suggest.
Nanoplastics (NPs) pervade daily life, posing serious threats to marine ecosystems. Despite the crucial role that surface charge plays in NP effects, there is a substantial gap in our understanding of how surface charge influences NP toxicity. Herein, by exposing Ruditapes philippinarum (R. philippinarum) to both positively charged NPs (p-NPs) and negatively charged NPs (n-NPs) at environmentally relevant particle number levels for a duration of 35 days, we unequivocally demonstrate that both types of NPs had discernible impacts on the clams depending on their surface charge. Through transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, we unveiled the primary mechanisms behind p-NP toxicity, which stem from induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis. In contrast, n-NPs predominantly stimulated innate immune responses, influencing salivary secretion and modulating the complement and coagulation cascades. Furthermore, in vitro tests on clam immune cells confirmed that internalized p-NPs triggered alterations in mitochondrial morphology, a decrease in membrane potential, and the initiation of ferroptosis. Conversely, n-NPs, to a certain extent, moderated the expression of genes related to immune responses, thus mitigating their adverse effects. Taken together, these findings indicate that the differential surface-charge-driven ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in clams play a critical role in the toxicity profile of NPs, providing an insightful reference for assessing the ecological toxicity associated with NPs.
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Differentially Charged Nanoplastics Induce Distinct Effects on the Growth and Gut of Benthic Insects (Chironomus kiinensis) via Charge-Specific Accumulation and Perturbation of the Gut Microbiota
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Researchers exposed aquatic insect larvae to positively and negatively charged nanoplastics and found that the surface charge significantly affected how toxic the particles were. Positively charged nanoplastics caused more severe gut damage, greater accumulation in tissues, and bigger disruptions to gut bacteria. This matters because nanoplastics in the real environment carry various charges, and the findings suggest that charge is an important factor in determining health risks.
Heteroaggregation with microalgae masks charge-dependent accumulation but amplifies charge-dependent toxicity of nanoplastics in mussels
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Researchers pre-formed heteroaggregates of positively and negatively charged polystyrene nanoplastics with the microalga Chlorella salina, then exposed green mussels to both free particles and aggregates, finding that heteroaggregation masked charge-driven uptake differences at the tissue level but amplified toxicity—with positively charged aggregates causing the strongest hemocyte dysfunction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiome disruption.
Integrated multilevel investigation of photosynthesis revealed the algal response distinction to differentially charged nanoplastics
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This study investigated how nanoplastics with different electrical charges affect algae, which form the base of aquatic food chains. Positively charged nanoplastics caused the most severe damage, disrupting photosynthesis and damaging cell structures, while neutral and negatively charged particles had milder or even stimulating effects at low levels. Since algae health directly affects the entire aquatic food web, this research helps explain how nanoplastic pollution could ripple through ecosystems and ultimately impact seafood safety.
ElectrostaticAdsorption-Driven Reorganization ofPhycosphere Eco-Corona as a Toxicity Mechanism of Cationic Nanoplastics
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Scientists found that tiny plastic particles (nanoplastics) can harm freshwater algae very differently depending on their electrical charge: positively charged particles caused major cell damage, oxidative stress, and killed up to nearly 90% of algae cells, while negatively charged particles were much less harmful. Since algae sit at the base of aquatic food chains, this matters because it suggests the type of plastic pollution—not just its presence—could shape how much damage spreads through ecosystems and, potentially, up the food chain to humans who rely on these waters for food and drinking supplies.
Nanoplastics Drive the Charge-specific Decline of Aquatic Insect (Chironomus kiinensis) Emergence through Inducing Oxidative Damage and Perturbing the Endocrine System
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Researchers found that nanoplastics with a positive electrical charge were more harmful to aquatic insects than negatively charged ones, reducing emergence rates by over 22% at environmentally relevant concentrations. The positively charged particles were absorbed more easily by larvae due to stronger attraction to cell membranes, causing greater oxidative damage and hormonal disruption.
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