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Microplastics and heavy metals in the sediment of Songkhla Lagoon: distribution and risk assessment
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Researchers surveyed microplastic and heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Songkhla Lagoon, the largest lagoon in Thailand. They found microplastic fibers and fragments at every sampling site, with concentrations highest near the lagoon mouth, alongside elevated levels of metals like zinc, copper, and lead. Since local communities rely on the lagoon for fishing and food, the combined presence of microplastics and heavy metals in sediments raises direct concerns about contamination entering the human food chain.
Heavy metal and microplastic (MP) contamination of aquatic systems is a major environmental issue that affects human health globally. Songkhla lagoon, the largest lagoon in Thailand, also faced with the environmental issues. Here, this study reported the occurrence of heavy metal and MP in 10 sites of sediment in the Songkla lagoon. From the microplastic separation, fibers were found at all stations at 68.24% (15.15 items/g) and fragments were found at 31.76% (7.05 items/g). The highest number of MP particles was found at the area near the mouth of the lagoon (5.4 items/g). The average concentrations (mg/kg) of heavy metal at all sites showed the following trend: Mg (732.54 ± 247.04) > Mn (176.74 ± 83.68) > Zn (29.36 ± 39.47) > Cu (12.31 ± 24.58) > Pb (11.07 ± 7.60) > As (5.64 ± 3.30) > Co (2.90 ± 1.38) > Cd (0.22 ± 0.17). Regarding the overall risk assessment of MPs in lagoon sediment in this study, the risk was categorized as high for the polymer hazard index. The ecological risk index found Cd and As to have high ecological risk. High EF values were observed for As and Cd, which indicated severe enrichment. Based on the I geo calculation, the majority of sampling stations were unpolluted to moderately contaminated (Pb, Zn, Mg, and Co). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between MPs and heavy metals, except for Zn (r = 0.697) and Cu (r = 0.61) (both p< 0.05). The results of this study might provide valuable data to develop conservation policies for coastal lagoon areas.
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