Chitosan-based Biogenic Nanoparticles for Wastewater Remediation: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications - A Review

Wastewater pollution has been a global concern, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable treatment technologies. Biogenic nanoparticles have emerged as a potential solution owing to their low cost, eco-friendliness, and high remediation efficiency. Among these nanoparticles, chitosan-based nanoparticles have gained significant attention for the treatment of wastewater. Chitosan, a biodegradable polysaccharide derived from chitin, possesses unique physicochemical properties that make it a suitable candidate for nanoparticle synthesis. The present review focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of chitosan-based biogenic nanoparticles for wastewater remediation. Various synthesis methods, such as chemical cross-linking, precipitation, biosynthesis, solvent evaporation, and emulsion techniques are discussed. The characterization of chitosan nanoparticles using techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) among others were also highlighted to provide insights into their structural and chemical properties. Additionally, the applications of chitosan-based nanoparticles in wastewater remediation, including the adsorption of heavy metals, organic dyes, and pharmaceuticals, are discussed. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion of the prospects and potential research directions in employing chitosan-based nanoparticles for wastewater remediation