Interfacial Activity and Surface pKa of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids (PFCAs)

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are widely used synthetic chemicals that are known for their exceptional stability and interfacial activity. Despite their industrial and environmental significance, discrepancies exist in the reported pKa values for PFCAs, often spanning three to four units. These disparities stem from an incomplete understanding of how pH influences the ionized state of PFCA molecules in the bulk solution and at the air-water interface. Using pH titration and surface tension measurements, we show that the pKa values of the PFCAs adsorbed at the air-water interface differ from the bulk. Below the equivalence point, the undissociated and dissociated forms of the PFCAs exist in equilibrium, driving to the spontaneous adsorption and reduced air-water surface tension. Conversely, above the equivalence point, the complete ionization of the headgroup into the carboxylate form renders PFCAs highly hydrophilic, resulting in reduced interfacial activity of the molecules. The distinction in the chemical environments at the interface and bulk results in differences in the pKa of PFCA molecules in the bulk phase and at the air-water interface. We explore the effects of the fluoroalkyl tail length of PFCAs on their surface pKa and interfacial activity across a broad pH range. We further demonstrate the influence of pH-dependent ionized state of PFCAs on their foamability and the rate of microdroplet evaporation, understanding of which is crucial for optimizing their industrial applications and developing effective strategies for their environmental remediation. This study underscores the potential significance of pH in directing the interfacial activity of PFCAs and prompts the inclusion of pH as a key determinant in the predictions of their fate and potential risks in the environment.