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Toxicity of Surface Water Bodies and Public Health
Summary
This review examines the toxicity of surface water bodies caused by industrial development, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal, and its consequences for public health. Researchers found that heavy metal contamination, organic pollutants, and microplastics are among the key threats degrading freshwater quality worldwide. The study highlights the urgent need for improved water quality monitoring and treatment to protect communities that depend on surface waters for drinking and daily use.
Surface waters likes rivers, lakes, ponds, and irrigation canals have become the prime sources of clean aquatic waters, which have become the focal point of sustainability and the crux of regional prosperity. Today, the pollution of these aquatic sources of clean water has become the nightmare of many farming communities and helmets of many villages where people thrive on these waters for their basic needs and daily livelihood. Nevertheless, to mention, the industrial developments and progress has not only brought a boon to the current global urbanization from small economies to giant developed nations, but at the same time it has been a bane for many flora and fauna of the aquatic systems wherein it culminated into unprecedented toxic waste pollution into the clean waters. Heavy metal contamination, along with microplastics waste and sewage seepage into clean waters, has become a global health hazard for mankind. The growing number of diseases through such water bodies contamination has been increasing worldwide, leading to a phenomenal increase in both infant and adult mortality rate and causing economic burden to nations. This problem of contamination of clean waters must be addressed with green technologies, nanotechnologies, and bioremediation methods. If is it not addressed now, this can lead to further escalation of the problems which could lead to famine in the regions where these aquatic waters become nonpotable for any domestic utilization by the inhabitants of the villages and cities across the globe. Therefore, this chapter emphasizes the various causes of surface water contamination and the aftermath of such toxic materials in the aquatic systems, leading to major health problems to mankind and at the same time debilitating the economic growth and lasting development of nations. Moreover, this chapter gives a niche of the technologies which are more eco-friendly and sustainable for treating and purifying these polluted aquatic systems for sustained growth and better health for mankind.
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