Tackling the dust-microplastic nexus: Sources, fate, and detection

Dust storms, increasingly prevalent due to anthropogenic climate change, pose a significant environmental hazard by facilitating the long-range transport of contaminants, including ubiquitous microplastics (MPs). These plastic particles, originating from diverse sources such as road dust and landfills, readily adsorb and transport other harmful substances during storm events, potentially amplifying their environmental and health impacts. This comprehensive review critically examines the multifaceted sources and exposure pathways of dust-associated MPs, elucidating their crucial role as vectors for pollutant dispersal. While preliminary studies on cell lines suggest potential carcinogenic effects, robust evidence linking MP exposure to cancer development in humans remains limited. Further research is essential to fully comprehend the long-term health implications of these ubiquitous contaminants. Recognizing the analytical challenges posed by the ubiquity and complex nature of MPs, the review meticulously evaluates current detection techniques in various environmental matrices, highlighting both advancements and limitations. While Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) emerges as the preeminent tool for its broad applicability and operational ease, alternative approaches like Laser Direct Infrared Imaging (LDIR), Raman micro-spectrometry, and niche techniques such as thermogravimetric analyzers coupled with mass spectrometers (TGA-MS) and hot needle tests demonstrate potential for specific applications. By comprehensively revealing the alarming rise of dust-associated MPs and the intricate complexities of their detection, this review aims to stimulate the development of effective mitigation strategies and inform further research into their multifaceted environmental and health consequences.