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Beyond the cradle – Amidst microplastics and the ongoing peril during pregnancy and neonatal stages: A holistic review
Summary
This review compiles research on how microplastics affect pregnancy and newborns, noting that these particles have been found in the placenta, amniotic fluid, meconium, and breast milk. Microplastic exposure during pregnancy has been linked to complications including preeclampsia, preterm birth, and stillbirth, though more research is needed to confirm direct causation. After birth, infants continue to be exposed through feeding bottles, formula, and breast milk, making early life a period of particularly high concern.
Advancements in research concerning the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in human blood, sputum, urine, and breast milk samples have piqued the interest of the scientific community, prompting further investigation. MPs present in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and meconium raise concerns about interference with embryonic development, leading to preeclampsia, stillbirth, preterm birth, and spontaneous abortion. The challenges posed by MPs extend beyond pregnancy, affecting the digestive, reproductive, circulatory, immune, and central nervous systems. This has spurred scientists to examine the origins of MPs in distinct environmental layers, including air, water, and soil. These risks continue after birth, as neonates are continuously exposed to MPs through everyday items such as breast milk, cow milk and infant milk powder, as well as plastic-based products like feeding bottles and breast milk storage bags. It is the need of the hour to strike a balance amidst lifestyle changes, alternative choices to traditional plastic products, raising awareness about plastic-related health risks, and fostering collaboration between the scientific community and policymakers. This review aims to provide fresh insights into potential sources of MP pollution, with a specific focus on pregnancy and neonates. It is the first compilation of its kind so far that includes critical studies on recently reported discoveries.