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International consensus guidelines for the definition, detection, and interpretation of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis

Autophagy 2024 144 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count. Score: 65 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.

Han‐Ming Shen, Xin Chen, Andrey S. Tsvetkov, Ciro Isidoro, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Andreas Linkermann, Werner J.H. Koopman, Hans‐Uwe Simon, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Shouqing Luo, Daqian Xu, Wei Gu, Olivier Peulen, Qian Cai, David C. Rubinsztein, Jen‐Tsan Chi, Donna D. Zhang, Changfeng Li, Shinya Toyokuni, Jinbao Liu, Jong‐Lyel Roh, Enyong Dai, Gábor Juhász, Wei Liu, Jianhua Zhang, Minghua Yang, Jiao Liu, Ling‐Qiang Zhu, Weiping Zou, Mauro Piacentini, Wen Y. Ding, Zhenyu Yue, Yangchun Xie, Morten Petersen, David A. Gewirtz, Michael A. Mandell, Charleen T. Chu, Debasish Sinha, Eftekhar Eftekharpour, Boris Zhivotovsky, Sébastien Besteiro, Dmitry I. Gabrilovich, Do‐Hyung Kim, Valerian E. Kagan, Hülya Bayır, Guang‐Chao Chen, Scott Ayton, Jan D. Lünemann, Masaaki Komatsu, Stefan Krautwald, Ben Loos, Eric H. Baehrecke, Jiayi Wang, Jon D. Lane, Junichi Sadoshima, Wan Seok Yang, Minghui Gao, Christian Münz, Michael Thumm, Martin Kampmann, Di Yu, Marta M. Lipinski, Jace W. Jones, Xuejun Jiang, Herbert J. Zeh, Rui Kang, Daniel J. Klionsky, Guido Kroemer, Daolin Tang

Summary

This scientific review provides guidelines for understanding a specific type of cell death called autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, where cells essentially digest their own protective components and then die from iron-driven damage. While not directly about microplastics, this process is relevant because microplastics and nanoplastics have been shown to trigger oxidative stress and iron-related cell damage in tissues. Understanding these cell death pathways helps researchers assess how plastic particle exposure could harm organs like the liver, brain, and lungs.

Body Systems

Hematopoietic Immune

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a complex degradation process with a dual role in cell death that is influenced by the cell types that are involved and the stressors they are exposed to. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent oxidative form of cell death characterized by unrestricted lipid peroxidation in the context of heterogeneous and plastic mechanisms. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of specific types of autophagy (e.g. ferritinophagy, lipophagy, and clockophagy) in initiating or executing ferroptotic cell death through the selective degradation of anti-injury proteins or organelles. Conversely, other forms of selective autophagy (e.g. reticulophagy and lysophagy) enhance the cellular defense against ferroptotic damage. Dysregulated autophagy-dependent ferroptosis has implications for a diverse range of pathological conditions. This review aims to present an updated definition of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, discuss influential substrates and receptors, outline experimental methods, and propose guidelines for interpreting the results.<b>Abbreviation</b>: 3-MA:3-methyladenine; 4HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; ACD: accidentalcell death; ADF: autophagy-dependentferroptosis; ARE: antioxidant response element; BH2:dihydrobiopterin; BH4: tetrahydrobiopterin; BMDMs: bonemarrow-derived macrophages; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CQ:chloroquine; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; EMT,epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EPR: electronparamagnetic resonance; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FRET: Försterresonance energy transfer; GFP: green fluorescent protein;GSH: glutathione;IF: immunofluorescence; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IOP, intraocularpressure; IRI: ischemia-reperfusion injury; LAA: linoleamide alkyne;MDA: malondialdehyde; PGSK: Phen Green™ SK;RCD: regulatedcell death; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; RFP: red fluorescentprotein;ROS: reactive oxygen species; TBA: thiobarbituricacid; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TEM:transmission electron microscopy.

International consensus guidelines for the definition, detection, and interpretation of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis

Summary

Discussion