Navigating the Complexity of Emerging Contaminants: Sources, Impacts, and Remediation Strategies

This review article addresses the pervasive issue of emerging contaminants, discussing their diverse origins, global prevalence, detrimental effects, environmental behavior, mitigation strategies, and detection methods using advanced sensors. Contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and microplastics stem from human activities and natural processes. In India, industrialization and urbanization also significantly release these contaminants, exacerbating environmental pollution and posing risks to human health and ecosystems. Global emerging pollutants are increasingly concerning due to their persistence and potential adverse impacts. Understanding the toxicity and fate of these substances is essential for developing effective remediation strategies, given their complex transformations in environmental contexts. Remediation is challenging because contaminants possess varied characteristics and are widely dispersed, but innovative technologies like advanced oxidation processes, phytoremediation, and membrane filtration offer promising solutions. Sensor-based detection methods, including biosensors and nanomaterial-based sensors, are vital for real-time monitoring, aiding in risk assessment and environmental management. Addressing these challenges requires interdisciplinary collaboration to integrate research, policy, and technological advancements for efficient pollution management and environmental and human health protection.