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Food chain microplastics contamination and impact on human health: a review
Summary
This review synthesizes evidence on microplastic transfer through the food chain—spanning seafood, food additives, packaging, and agricultural products—and documents human health impacts including cancer, organ damage, and reproductive impairment. Microplastics are nearly impossible to excrete once absorbed into the circulatory system, making dietary exposure a critical and underappreciated public health concern.
Microplastics have been recently detected in many environmental media and living organisms, yet their transfer and toxicity to humans are poorly known. Here, we review microplastic transfer in the food chain with focus on microplastic pollution sources, methods to analyze microplastics in food, health impact of food-related microplastic exposure, and remediation of microplastic pollution. Microplastic pollution sources include seafood, food additives, packaging materials, and agricultural and industrial products. Remediation techniques comprise the use of microbial enzymes and biofilms. Microplastic detection methods in food rely on separation and quantification by optical detection, scanning electron micrography, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Human health impact following microplastic ingestion include cancers, organ and respiration damage, and reproductive impairments. Overall, microplastic toxicity is mainly due to their ability to enter the metabolism, adsorption into the circulatory system for translocation, and difficulty, if not impossibility, of excretion.