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Co-exposure to PVC microplastics and cadmium induces oxidative stress and fibrosis in duck pancreas
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Researchers found that exposing ducks to PVC microplastics and cadmium together caused far worse pancreatic damage than either pollutant alone, including severe inflammation, fibrosis, and disrupted organ function. The combined exposure overwhelmed the ducks' antioxidant defenses and caused mitochondrial damage in pancreatic cells. Since waterfowl are highly exposed to both microplastics and heavy metals in contaminated waterways, this study shows how these common pollutants can interact to amplify organ damage.
PVC microplastics (PVC-MPs) are environmental pollutants that interact with cadmium (Cd) to exert various biological effects. Ducks belong to the waterfowl family of birds and therefore are at a higher risk of exposure to PVC-MPs and Cd than other animals. However, the effects of co-exposure of ducks to Cd and PVC-MPs are poorly understood. Here, we used Muscovy ducks to establish an in vivo model to explore the effects of co-exposure to 1 mg/L PVC-MPs and 50 mg/kg Cd on duck pancreas. After 2 months of treatment with 50 mg/kg Cd, pancreas weight decreased by 21 %, and the content of amylase and lipase increased by 25 % and 233 %. However, exposure to PVC-MPs did not significantly affect the pancreas. Moreover, co-exposure to PVC-MPs and Cd worsened the reduction of pancreas weight and disruption of pancreas function compared to exposure to either substance alone. Furthermore, our research has revealed that exposure to PVC-MPs or Cd disrupted mitochondrial structure, reduced ATP levels by 10 % and 18 %, inhibited antioxidant enzyme activity, and increased malondialdehyde levels by 153.8 % and 232.5 %. It was found that exposure to either PVC-MPs or Cd can induce inflammation and fibrosis in the duck pancreas. Notably, co-exposure to PVC-MPs and Cd exacerbated inflammation and fibrosis, with the content of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α increasing by 169 %, 199 %, and 98 %, compared to Cd exposure alone. The study emphasizes the significance of comprehending the potential hazards linked to exposure to these substances. In conclusion, it presents promising preliminary evidence that PVC-MPs accumulate in duck pancreas, and increase the accumulation of Cd. Co-exposure to PVC-MPs and Cd disrupts the structure and function of mitochondria and promotes the development of pancreas inflammation and fibrosis.
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Researchers exposed Muscovy ducks to cadmium and polyvinyl chloride microplastics, both individually and in combination, and found that each pollutant alone caused kidney damage through oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, the combined exposure actually reduced some markers of damage compared to single exposures, suggesting complex interactions between the two contaminants. The study demonstrates that microplastics and heavy metals can significantly impair kidney function in waterfowl through apoptosis and disrupted cellular defense pathways.
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Researchers found that female ducks exposed to both PVC microplastics and cadmium together developed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, with the combination being worse than either pollutant alone. The co-exposure caused oxidative stress and abnormal fat and sugar buildup in the liver. This study is relevant to human health because people are also exposed to microplastics and heavy metals simultaneously, and the combined effects may be more damaging than exposure to either one individually.
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Researchers exposed crucian carp to microplastics and cadmium, both alone and together, and found the combination caused more severe liver damage and immune disruption than either pollutant alone. Co-exposure also significantly altered the fish's gut bacteria after 21 days. This is concerning because microplastics and heavy metals frequently co-occur in polluted waterways, potentially amplifying harm to aquatic life.
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Female ducks exposed to PVC microplastics and cadmium together showed damage to ovarian cells, increased oxidative stress, scarring, and disrupted sugar and fat processing proteins in the ovary. These changes affected egg cell development, suggesting the combined pollutants harm reproductive health in birds.
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