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Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants Using Advanced Ceramics: Materials, Mechanism, Synthesis, and Applications
Summary
This review examines ceramic semiconductor photocatalysts—including ZnO, TiO2, and MoS2—as effective tools for degrading a wide range of environmental pollutants including microplastics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and heavy metals in wastewater using sunlight. These materials offer a cost-effective, scalable approach to breaking down microplastics and associated chemical contaminants at the treatment stage before they enter broader ecosystems.
Photocatalysis is an effective environment-friendly technique that has emerged as a viable option for the degradation of a wide range of contaminants. In most cases, natural sunlight has been used in photocatalysis which makes it cost-effective. Also, it has emerged as an efficient method for degrading harmful toxic chemicals which are hard to degrade by any other alternatives. Various metals and metal compounds like oxides, sulphides, and carbides are used as photocatalysts to increase the efficiency of degradation. The common metal compounds known as ceramics are ZnO, TiO2, MoS2, ZnS, Fe2O3, SiC, CdS, WO3, SrTiO3, SnO2, NiO, and ZrO2. These materials are also known as semiconductors and are used as effective photocatalysts to degrade harmful and toxic environmental pollutants. This review discusses various ceramic photocatalysts, their application, photocatalysis mechanism, and degradation of various organic and inorganic compounds in actual wastewater. The use of photocatalysts in the treatment of persistent organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater, such as pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides, dyes, oil, microplastics, and heavy metals is also explored.