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Differential cellular uptake and trafficking of nanoplastics in two hemocyte subpopulations of mussels Perna viridis
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In vivo bioaccumulation and responses of hemocytes of mussels Perna viridis to microplastics and nanoplastics exposure
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Researchers found that mussels exposed to environmentally realistic levels of micro- and nanoplastics quickly accumulated the particles in their blood cells (hemocytes) at concentrations approaching those of the surrounding water. The smaller nanoplastics were more readily taken up and caused more damage to cellular structures called lysosomes. Since mussels are widely consumed as seafood, their ability to concentrate microplastics in their tissues is relevant to human dietary exposure.
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Laboratory experiments on Pacific oysters exposed to microplastics of varying sizes and concentrations found decreased survival rates, increased oxygen consumption, and histological damage to digestive and gill tissues, with effects scaling with concentration. Oysters are global seafood staples and efficient bioaccumulators, meaning physiological damage at environmentally relevant concentrations translates directly into concerns about both aquatic ecosystem health and the safety of oysters in the human diet.
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Researchers reviewed the ecotoxicological effects of nano- and microplastics on oysters, finding that while high concentrations cause measurable physiological and cellular harm, there is a critical lack of studies at environmentally realistic exposure levels needed to accurately predict ecological consequences.
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Researchers exposed hemocyte subpopulations of Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels to polystyrene nanoplastics and found that different immune cell types responded differently, with some showing increased mortality and lysosomal damage at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Microplastics and nanoplastics enter cells through endocytosis and passive diffusion, then travel through organelles including endosomes, autophagosomes, and lysosomes, ultimately causing toxicity in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and cytoskeleton. Understanding these cellular uptake pathways and organelle-level damage mechanisms is critical for accurately assessing the human health risks of chronic microplastic exposure.
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