Domestic Solid Waste Management- A Public Health Case Report and Review of Municipal Challenges in India!

Abstract Maintaining a harmonious relationship between humanity and the environment is paramount for sustainable existence and development. Over time, human activities have significantly impacted the natural world to cater to their needs and comforts, notably affecting developing nations like India. Amidst India's escalating population growth, the prospect of a waste management crisis looms large, particularly in the 7690 slums of Gadag and Betigeri city, housing a population of 36,762, constituting approximately 21.30% of the total city population. The impending challenge foresees a twofold surge in waste production within the next decade, reflecting a disconcerting global trend of a fivefold increase by 2025. Despite the commendable efforts of the Swachh Bharat initiative to promote cleanliness, Gadag and Betigeri grapple with persistent issues, including improper waste disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and a noticeable lack of awareness. These challenges pose a significant obstacle to the city's quest for effective waste management, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive solutions to address the impending crisis. In this cross-sectional study, we investigate the waste management dynamics of Gadag City across its 35 municipal wards through surveys of households and waste handlers. Our findings reveal a diverse demographic landscape, primarily consisting of individuals aged 26-35, with a notable male majority. We identify a significant knowledge gap in domestic waste management, indicating an urgent need for targeted educational interventions. Despite residents' positive attitudes towards waste segregation, dissatisfaction with current collection methods persists. However, there is a notable willingness among residents to invest in waste collection services and participate in education initiatives. This proactive engagement is reflected in the conscientious utilization of municipal waste infrastructure and meticulous waste segregation practices, suggesting potential for fostering sustainable waste management practices. Our study underscores the pivotal role of waste management in achieving sustainable development in India and aligning with the Swachh Bharat initiative’s goals. By addressing challenges such as improper disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness, we highlight potential health risks associated with the current waste management landscape. By illuminating the knowledge gaps and attitudes towards waste management in Gadag City, our study aims to provide insights into managing household garbage effectively. OBJECTIVE: 1. To assess the Knowledge, attitude and practices of domestic waste management, among Residents of Gadag city. 2. To study the waste collection and management process in Gadag city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study in Gadag City employed a comprehensive approach to gather primary data, involving interviews with family members in households and waste handlers. Additional insights were obtained through observations and interactions with municipal staff to understand waste collection and disposal processes. Encompassing all 35 wards of Gadag city in Karnataka State, the study focused on households within municipal limits and the Municipality of Gadag City. Respondents included heads of families or responsible adults in households and waste handlers. The cross-sectional study spanned a year, with a 45-day data collection period. Sample sizes were calculated using a formula, resulting in 400 households for the household survey and 35 waste handlers (one in each municipal ward). Proportionate stratified random sampling determined household survey participants in each ward, while a purposive sampling method was applied to select waste handlers. The selection of households in each ward was based on calculating proportionate sample sizes and aiming to survey 10% of households in each ward, ensuring a systematic yet random pattern. This research design provides a robust foundation for understanding waste management dynamics in Gadag City. RESULT: The research in Gadag City revealed a diverse participant group, predominantly aged 26-35 and mostly male, highlighting a significant knowledge gap in domestic waste management. While positive attitudes towards waste segregation were prevalent among participants, dissatisfaction with current waste collection methods was noted. Encouragingly, many residents expressed a willingness to pay for waste collection services and engage in waste management education. Residents actively utilized municipal waste infrastructure, while waste handlers demonstrated a high level of engagement, practicing segregation and adhering to safety measures. Challenges, particularly in plastic waste management, were identified, suggesting the need for manpower support, protective equipment, and improved waste segregation training. Both residents and waste handlers favoured landfills for disposal, and health issues, including injuries and respiratory problems, were reported among waste handlers. Overall, the findings shed light on the complexities of waste management in Gadag City, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions for improved practices. CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of residents and the waste collection process in Gadag City. It underscores the urgency of addressing waste management issues to achieve sustainable development in India. However, Gadag City faces challenges in optimizing waste revenue, highlighting the need for improved strategies. India's rapid population growth poses a significant waste management challenge, with waste production expected to double in a decade. This research addresses crucial waste management issues, aligning with the Swachh Bharat initiative's goals. Challenges like improper disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness contribute to health risks.