Nanoreinforcement strategies for enhancing biodegradable composites in biochemical applications within agriwaste valorisation

Exploring secondary outputs, specifically leftover materials from steam distillation of Rosmarinus tournefortii de Noé, as agents for reducing metals introduces a novel approach to eco-friendly nanomaterial production. This concept aligns with the creation of environmentally conscious nanoparticles, showcasing potential across various fields, notably biomedicine. The paper seamlessly fits into this context. By utilizing R. tournefortii de Noé, successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved, yielding nanoscale variations influenced by the plant's by-products. Beyond structural aspects, investigating biomedical applications, focusing on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Consistently observing ∼94.9–97.3% scavenging inhibition in water residues at different concentrations and enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Rhodotorula glutinis yeast due to these residues. Moreover, a thorough examination using density functional theory unveiled a robust interaction between silver clusters and specific biomolecules found within the residues, namely homoplantaginin, protocatechuic acid-glycoside, caffeic, and rosmarinic acids (ranging from 130.62 to 357.05 kcal/mol). These compounds notably enhance the reducing efficacy of Ag+ ions and contribute to the enduring stability of AgNPs (ζ values: -22.8 mV and -17.2 mV). Furthermore, the study recognizes challenges in finding alternative surface modification agents and explores the intricate toxicity mechanisms of silver nanoparticles, emphasizing their interactions with inflammation. Introducing promising nanomedicine approaches involving rosmarinic acid nanoparticles for inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis, highlighting the potential of rosemary by-products derived compounds in innovative therapeutic interventions for diverse inflammatory conditions.