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Micro/nanoplastics in Aquatic Ecosystems: An Integrated Review of Occurrence, Toxicological Implications, Case Studies, Methodologies, and Future Recommendations
Summary
This integrated review covers the occurrence, toxicology, and detection of micro- and nanoplastics across freshwater, marine, and estuarine ecosystems, using case studies to illustrate biomagnification through aquatic food webs and the compounding risk from co-occurring chemical contaminants. The review calls for stronger international collaboration and policy frameworks grounded in scientific evidence, recognizing that the pervasive nature of micro- and nanoplastics in aquatic systems poses escalating risks to both ecosystem integrity and human health.
Micro/nanoplastics, tiny fragments smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as significant pollutants in aquatic ecosystems across the globe. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted dimensions of micro/nanoplastic pollution in aquatic habitats, offering insights into its sources, distribution patterns, and the toxicological repercussions it fosters. An alarming finding highlights that these minute particles, often overlooked, are ubiquitous across freshwater, marine, and estuarine environments, posing threats to aquatic flora and fauna. Detailed case studies provide real-world evidence of the damage micro/nanoplastic inflict, emphasizing their insidious nature and potential for biomagnification in aquatic food webs. Accompanying these particles, the associated chemical contaminants further exacerbate the environmental harm. This review also sheds light on the advanced methodologies employed for the detection and analysis of these plastic fragments, ranging from innovative sampling techniques to in vivo, in vitro, and in silico toxicological evaluations. However, with the escalating challenges presented by micro/nanoplastic pollution, it is imperative to look beyond the present. Our recommendations for the future hinge on robust research endeavors, policy-making fortified by scientific insights, and a collaborative global approach to mitigate the looming crisis. This review aims to be a cornerstone for researchers, policymakers, and environmentalists, offering a panoramic view of the current state, challenges, and prospective strategies concerning micro/nanoplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems.