Effects of Micro‐ and Nanoplastics on Human Genome

The "Plasticene Era," as it has been properly termed by experts, is the new geological era that humanity is experiencing now. The manufacture and use of plastics have increased to unprecedented levels over the past few decades, causing a global plastic pollution problem with far-reaching effects on ecosystems and human health. Plastic materials can degrade over time into tiny pieces known as microplastics (sizes ranging between 1 μm and 5 mm) and nanoplastics (size of 1 μm), which have aroused concern owing to their potential impact on the environment and human health. These particles have been observed to build up in several organs and tissues. Microplastics and nanoplastics have been shown to cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage, which may have negative health effects such as tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and the emergence of chronic diseases. Furthermore, new data suggests that micro- and nanoplastics may influence the human genome. Plastic particles have been shown to damage DNA, alter gene expression, and obstruct vital biological functions such as DNA repair mechanisms. Such genomic changes may increase the likelihood of genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, as well as accelerate the onset of cancer and other genetic illnesses. To limit the possible dangers associated with microplastics and nanoplastics and to protect human health and the environment, methods for minimizing plastic pollution and enhancing waste management practices are essential.