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Research and Application of Water Treatment Technologies for Emerging Contaminants (ECs): A Pathway to Solving Water Environment Challenges
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This review summarizes methods for removing emerging contaminants from water, including microplastics, drug residues, and hormone-disrupting chemicals. It covers physical, chemical, and biological treatment approaches, noting their strengths and limitations -- important because even at low concentrations, these pollutants build up over time and pose long-term threats to human health.
As industrialization and urbanization accelerate, the quality of the water environment has been deteriorating, and pollution from novel pollutants (ECs), such as microplastics, pharmaceutical residues, and endocrine disruptors, has become increasingly prominent. Although the concentration of these new pollutants in the environment is very low, they pose a long-term cumulative threat to human health and ecosystem security because of their persistent and difficult-to-degrade properties. This paper reviews the treatment technologies for novel pollutants such as microplastics, pharmaceutical residues, and endocrine disruptors, including physical (e.g., sand filtration, adsorption, membrane separation), chemical (e.g., flocculation, advanced oxidation, photocatalysis), and biological (e.g., microbial degradation) methods. The various technologies’ advantages, disadvantages, and application statuses are analyzed, and future research directions and challenges are presented.
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