The power of MXene-based materials for emerging contaminant removal from water - A review

The rise of MXenes in water purification and environmental remediation is a remarkable leap forward in tackling various emerging pollutants. With their unique 2D designs and flexible surface characteristics, MXenes have shown excellent efficiency in eliminating various emerging contaminants such as metals, pharmaceutical residues, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), microplastics, and emerging pathogens. Their high conductivity and multifunctionality provide them an increased surface area, promoting robust physical and electrostatic interactions that enhance the adsorption of contaminants. Furthermore, the versatile utility of MXenes in a range of water treatment systems highlights their promising role in advancing methods for purification. This review addresses MXene-based materials' effectiveness in removing emerging contaminants via several innovative techniques including adsorption, membrane separation, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Additionally, it discusses the techno-economic and MXene feasibility in emerging contaminants removal at the industrial scale. This review aims to shed light on the great potential of MXenes and their composites as disruptive agents in emerging contaminants removal and offer guidance for future research endeavors leveraging their capabilities in addressing emerging challenges related to water pollutants.