Source identification, characteristics, and spatial distribution of airborne microplastic deposition in Lahore City, Pakistan

A large volume of atmospheric microplastics (MPs) has been observed worldwide and is considered an emerging global environmental issue. Nevertheless, no significant assessment of the atmospheric deposition of MPs in Pakistan has been reported yet. The present study was designed to highlight the source, type, and spatial distribution of MPs in atmospheric fallout in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 23 sites were sampled in Lahore with a heterogeneous background of human activities. All samples were collected in a box with a one-foot depth fitted with a steel tray of 0.1 m at the bottom. Fenton's reagent and hydrogen peroxide were used to remove organic matter, and sodium chloride for density separation, while the MPs were quantified through a stereomicroscope, and polymers were identified through ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The highest deposition rate (particles/m/day) was observed at Badami Bagh, i.e., 6819, followed by Mall Road 4414, and Chung 4263, while the lowest was in Sabzazaar (i.e., 524) and Township (1047) with an average deposition rate of 2340 ± 1392. Among the MPs, the major portion was fiber, i.e., 96%, while fragment was 1.9%, sheets 0.78%, foams 1.12%, beads 0.04%, and other MPs 0.06%. At all sampling sites, 20 different types of polymers were identified with different percentages, of which polyester fibers were predominant with an abundance of 96.09% associated with clothes and textiles. A high frequency of MPs was found in populated areas with dense traffic, plastic wastes, household plastic materials, and mismanagement of wastes, which accelerates the atmospheric deposition of airborne microplastics. Evaluation and characterization of MP help assess health and environmental impacts, cleanup efforts, and guiding regulations. It also provides valuable information for waste management innovation to reduce plastic pollution.