Effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms: a comprehensive review

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive pollutants that pose significant threats to marine ecosystems. This review examines the impact of MPs on marine organisms, highlighting key areas of concern and knowledge gaps.The aim of this paper is to synthesize recent findings on the occurrence and biological impacts of MPs in marine environments. For this purpose a total of 171 studies conducted in different geographical regions were examined in order to ascertain the interaction of numerous vertebrate and invertebrate taxonomic groups with microplastic. Based on this analysis the pathways through which MPs enter marine ecosystems and their interactions with marine organisms were examined. Additionally, the review addresses the potential genetic, physiological, and ecological effects of MP exposure. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies.Findings indicate that MPs are ingested by a wide range of marine organisms, causing physical damage and physiological stress. MPs have been shown to interfere with feeding, growth, and reproduction, leading to adverse effects on marine populations. The review also highlights the role of MPs in bioaccumulation and biomagnification within food webs. Moreover, MPs can carry toxic substances and pathogens, exacerbating their harmful effects on marine life.In conclusion, MPs represent a significant environmental threat with far-reaching consequences for marine ecosystems. Mitigating MP pollution requires global cooperation and stringent regulatory measures to protect marine biodiversity and ensure sustainable aquatic environments.