Polypropylene microfibers negatively affect soybean growth and nitrogen fixation regardless of soil type and mycorrhizae presence

Recent studies have indicated that soil contamination with microplastics (MPs) can negatively affect agricultural productivity, although these effects vary greatly depending on the context. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind these effects remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the impact of two concentrations of polypropylene (PP) fibers in the soil (0.4 % and 0.8 % w/w) on soybean growth, nitrogen uptake, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and water use efficiency by growing plants in two soil types, with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). PP contamination consistently reduced vegetative growth (-12 %, on average compared to the control), with the severity of this effect varying significantly by soil type (more pronounced in Alfisol than in Vertisol). The extent of BNF progressively reduced with the increase in PP contamination level in both soils (on average, -17.1 % in PP0.4 and -27.5 % in PP0.8 compared to the control), which poses clear agro-environmental concerns. Water use efficiency was also reduced due to PP contamination but only in the Alfisol (-9 %, on average). Mycorrhizal symbiosis did not seem to help plants manage the stress caused by PP contamination, although it did lessen the negative impact on BNF. These findings are the first to demonstrate the effect of PP on BNF in soybean plants, underscoring the need to develop strategies to reduce PP pollution in the soil and to mitigate the impact of PP on the functionality and sustainability of agroecosystems.