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Hazard Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Microplastics on Health
Summary
This review examines the hazard mechanisms by which microplastics smaller than 5 mm affect biological systems, covering cellular and molecular mechanisms including cytotoxicity, tissue damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption after ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. The authors assess the current evidence base for direct health effects and identify gaps in understanding dose-response relationships for human exposure.
Microplastics, particles smaller than five millimeters, have emerged as significant environmental pollutants, drawing attention due to their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, water, and soil. They enter organisms through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact, inducing cytotoxicity, tissue damage, and compound health risks. This review systematically examines exposure pathways, health hazards, and mechanisms of microplastics, aiming to inform research on their environmental health impacts.