Microplastics in the Environment

Microplastics (MPs) have pervaded the global environment, raising significant concerns due to their potential health risks. Research extensively reports their frequent detection in both environmental and human samples, with exposure occurring through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Yet knowledge gaps persist regarding MP transport in terrestrial environments, warranting further investigation. This chapter contributes to understanding the impacts of MPs by elucidating exposure risks and health hazards. These tiny plastic particles, often under 5 mm, originate from various sources like plastic fragmentation, industrial processes, and synthetic textiles. They are omnipresent in marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and atmospheric ecosystems, posing threats to biodiversity and human health. The current consensus stresses the urgency of comprehensive research to address knowledge gaps regarding sources, distribution, impacts, and mitigation strategies of microplastics. Although studies reveal widespread distribution and detrimental effects on wildlife and ecosystems, challenges remain, including understanding long-term ecological impacts and developing effective remediation methods. Future MP research is likely to focus on interdisciplinary approaches, innovative detection and removal technologies, and collaborative pollution mitigation efforts. Integrating scientific insights with policy interventions and public engagement can mitigate MP pollution’s adverse effects and foster environmental sustainability.